Tratamiento de lixiviados mediante humedales artificiales: revisión del estado del arte
Resumen
Los lixiviados de vertederos de residuos sólidos son considerados uno de los contaminantes líquidos de mayor impacto ambiental y dificultad de tratamiento, debido a la variabilidad de su composición, toxicidad y facilidad de percolación hacia aguas superficiales e incluso subsuperficiales. Múltiples han sido las tecnologías aplica- das para su depuración, incluso tratamientos de tipo convencional y tratamientos de tipo natural. Los humedales artificiales son una alternativa de tipo natural propuesta para el tratamiento de lixiviados, que presenta facilidad y bajos costos de operación y mantenimiento, además de bajo consumo de energía eléctrica, adaptables a diferentes niveles de tratamiento. Presentan remociones de materia orgánica aproximadamente del 27-98% y del 11-96%, medida con DBO5 y DQO, respectivamente. Los valores fluctúan dependiendo del tipo de humedal utilizado, así como también de las confi- guraciones del sistema de tratamiento y condiciones clima. El presente estudio es una revisión del estado del arte de la aplicación de los humedales artificiales al tratamiento de lixiviados de vertederos de residuos sólidos, sus características principales, aspectos operativos y rendimientos, de acuerdo con los resultados que se reportan en la litera- tura, principalmente de experiencias en países europeos y Estados Unidos.Descargas
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